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Starting in the early 1990s, James F. Moore originated the strategic planning concept of a business ecosystem, now widely adopted in the high tech community. The basic definition comes from Moore's book, ''The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems''. ==The origins of the concept== The concept first appeared in Moore's May/June 1993 ''Harvard Business Review'' article, titled "Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition", and won the McKinsey Award for article of the year. Moore defined "business ecosystem" as:
Moore used several ecological metaphors, suggesting that the firm is embedded in a (business) environment, that it needs to coevolve with other companies, and that “the particular niche a business occupies is challenged by newly arriving species.” This meant that companies need to become proactive in developing mutually beneficial ("symbiotic") relationships with customers, suppliers, and even competitors. Using ecological metaphors to describe business structure and operations is increasingly common especially within the field of information technology (IT). For example, J. Bradford DeLong, a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, has written that "business ecosystems" describe “the pattern of launching new technologies that has emerged from Silicon Valley”. He defines business ecology as “a more productive set of processes for developing and commercializing new technologies” that is characterized by the “rapid prototyping, short product-development cycles, early test marketing, options-based compensation, venture funding, early corporate independence”. DeLong also has expressed that the new way is likely to endure “because it's a better business ecology than the legendarily lugubrious model refined at Xerox Parc—a more productive set of processes for rapidly developing and commercializing new technologies”. Mangrove Software,〔: “(t)he interaction and correlation of economic conditions, technology, customers, employees, corporate partners, shareholders, and competitors forming the environment under which a business operates”.〕 The Montague Institute,〔: “interacting systems consisting of companies, their customers and suppliers, and other players in the business environment”〕 Kenneth L. Kraemer, director of the University of California, Irvine’s Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations〔: “It is the applications that firms buy or create themselves that bring value-added to the firm and to its business ecology of customers, suppliers and business partners”.〕 and Stephen Abram, Vice President of Micromedia, Ltd.,〔: has asserted that the Web is “maturing as a business ecology”〕 Tom Gruber, co-founder and CTO of Intraspect Software,〔: “Imagine that companies are like organisms in an evolutionary landscape”〕 Vinod K. Dar, Managing Director of Dar & Company,〔: “Evolution on the Internet is no different from physical evolution but with vastly compressed life cycles and faster genetic mutation”.〕 have all advocated this approach. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「business ecosystem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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